Friday, January 15, 2021

Data Analytics Ireland

Data Analytics and Video Tutorials

Python

Software that is used to analyse data and prints charts.

class 

python classes

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Recently on our Data Analytics Ireland YouTube channel, we have been working hard to enhance our video content and delivery. As part of that process, we also looked at ways to understand classes and use them more efficiently.

In how to create a class in python we provided a video tutorial of the steps involved in Python on how to implement a class within your project.

Here in this blog posting, we will go through the different aspects of classes, and provide a practical example of Object-Oriented Programming, and how it can help you to manage and reduce the code you may have to write.

Before we start, the first question we should ask is, what is a class?

According to the Official Python Website  “Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together”. So in essence, what they are really saying is that they are used to centralise information and functionality around a python object.

Python Objects

So how would we describe an object? An object is anything that can have attributes attached to it and have some functionality that allows the object to function. Most objects will have methods associated with them, and these are the functionality of the object. So let’s step back a second and show this in a piece of code:

“Car ” above is the object, and it has attributes of type, color, wheels and doors. Other attributes can be added at any point. So you may add why is start structuring like this important?

The pure and simple answer is organisation!

The reason behind this way is that as the car and its details are all in one place it encourages:

  • Consistency – everything about a car is documented in one place.
  • No duplication – If you were referencing the object car in a number of places in your code, for each update, you would have to change it in each place, it makes the updates long and harder as you have to remember where you put it in the different parts of your computer program.
  • Can be called from anywhere – As we have one version of the object car, now anywhere in our code we can call it and use its attributes, as there is only one version makes the program a lot easier to manage.

Now that we have looked at attributes, what about the methods and functions that can be contained within them?

The methods and functions will operate like any other method or function, but the difference when they come to objects is:

They are specific to that object!

python classes

In the above code, you will see that there are three methods, and all are specific to the object car.

For example, you would not expect to see any methods that would relate to pumping up the wheels or changing a bulb, purely because this object car is only concerned with the functionality of the car.

To build on my point above around no duplication, if this object was not created, this last piece of code might have to be maintained and duplicated a number of times within your code, this is where the classes come into their own

So say I want to use the class and its attributes, how would I go about doing that?

In section  9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables on Python classes, it states the following:

Instance variables are for data unique to each instance and class variables are for attributes and methods shared by all instances of the class:

Anywhere in your code, all you need to do is create a variable and equal it to the class, see below. Lines 22,23,24, all can now use the methods that are in the class, and their respective functionality. As can be seen, lines 25,26,27,28 all bring in the attributes of the class to be used, by putting them in under the “def__init__” method.

And here is the output of the above. After initiating the class, we have assigned its attributes into a new variable and printed.

And there you go we have initialised the class Car and used its attributes and methods outside the class in our regular programming, and this could be done anywhere in our program, multiple times, but only having to use one class.

You can see this working below:

python method 

python sort method

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According to the  Python Organisation website, Python lists have a built-in list.sort() the method that modifies the list in-place.

mylist = [5, 2, 3, 1, 4]
mylist.sort()
print(mylist)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

This method only works for lists.

It also has a very similar method sorted() , which, unlike list.sort, can work on any iterable.

a= {'c':'1','b':'2','a':'3'}

print(sorted(a))
['a', 'b', 'c']

Note that the sorted method only sorts the key value in the dictionary above.

Per programiz.com parameters for the sorted() function are as follows:

sorted() can take a maximum of three parameters:

  • iterable – A sequence (string, tuple, list) or collection (set, dictionary, frozen set) or any other iterator.
  • reverse (Optional) – If, the sorted list is reversed (or sorted in descending order). Defaults to if not provided.
  • key (Optional) – A function that serves as a key for the sort comparison. Defaults to None.

Click how to sort lists in python to get a video tutorial on the above, which may help to explain the concepts further.

Python Python Functions tkinter 

Tkinter GUI tutorial python – how to clean excel data

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Tkinter is an application within Python that allows users to create GUI or graphical user interfaces to manage data in a more user-friendly way.

We have tested this code over 100,000 records sitting on the Microsoft OneDrive network so in a way, its speeds were quite good, over five tests, they all were under 100s from start to finish.

data cleansing data cleansing fixed

In this Tkinter GUI tutorial python, you will be shown how to find the data errors, clean them and then export the final result to excel.

We will take you through the following:

  • Creation of the Tkinter interface.
  • Methods/ functions to find errors.
  • Methods/functions to clean the data.
  • Exporting the clean data to an excel file.

The video walks through the creation of a Tkinter window using a canvas and a frame to store the data frame.

Then it looks at importing the data through pd.read_excel, to load the data into a pandas data frame.

Next, there is a function and or method that will extract the errors through str.extract , which is loaded into separate columns

Finally, I have exported the clean dataset using rawdata.to_excel , and saved the file as a separate new spreadsheet.

 

machine learning Python 

planning your machine learning model

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Planning your machine learning model is one of the most important steps you will take in order to achieve the best results you are looking for.

In looking at how to plan a machine learning project, this video takes you through 3 steps:

a. Researching

b. Building your model

c. Testing your model

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machine learning 

how to build a machine learning model

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In this video on how to build a machine learning model, the first of eight, we will take you through the initial questions you should as before looking to build your model.

This is the first video of eight that will explain what is machine learning, the benefits of it and some examples of companies doing it at the moment.

This series of machine learning model tutorials, will look to explain the concepts and steps involved to help get a better understanding of how you would go about building the model to better understand your data and customers.

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Python 

python constructor self and __init__explained

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Here in python constructor self and __init__ explained, we will take you through an explanation of self and __init__, how you can use, and the concepts behind them.

We show how to create an object, initiate a class and pass the parameters to the __init__ constructor.

Also we take you through the concept of self and how it can be used to process an object’s parameters and return values where necessary.

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Python tkinter 

how to create charts in Tkinter

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In how to create charts in Tkinter, Tkinter is one of many libraries that can be used to create different chart types and graphical user interfaces

With python programming, its ease of use and ability to quickly roll out GUI applications, make it one of the most popular in use today.

In the below video, after importing Tkinter we use many of its built-in functions to create:

  • Pie chart, a bar chart and a line chart
  • We also use functions and classes to help manage the creation of the charts,
  • It is recommended you follow the video to the end as it will give you a great insight into how these can be used in a video.

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numpy Python 

how to add sine and cosine in python code

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Explaining what this post is about
I was recently online and providing help to a fellow python coder, and a query came up about how you would rewrite some code that had included the sine function  and the cosine function

We were asked to see if we could translate this code:

L_1=1;
L_2=1.5;
q_0=0.5;
q_1=pi()/4;
q_2=pi()/6;
%Position of the end effetor
x= q_0+L_1*cos(q_1)-L_2*cos(pi()-q_1-q_2)
y=L_1*sin(q_1)+L_2*sin(pi()-q_1-q_2)

into its python equivalent.

Some background about the output

In order to get the desired result, there is a need to import a package to provide some of the mathematical analysis required, and was achieved through using Numpy statistical analysis

This package allows the following functions to be used in the logic:

  • Pi
  • Cosine
  • Sine

And the result is

As a result, the below shows the output of the above question converted to its Python equivalent:

import numpy as np

a= np.pi
print("PI value is ", a)

L_1=1
L_2=1.5
q_0=0.5
q_1=a/4
q_2=a/6

print("L_1 value is",L_1)
print("L_2 value is",L_2)
print("q_0 value is",q_0)
print("q_1 value is",q_1)
print("q_2 value is",q_2)


x= (q_0+(L_1*(np.cos(q_1)))-(L_2*(np.cos(a-q_1-q_2))))
y= (L_1*(np.sin(q_1))+(L_2*(np.sin(a-q_1-q_2))))

print("x value is " , x)
print("y value is " , y)

with its output showing:

PI value is  3.141592653589793
L_1 value is 1
L_2 value is 1.5
q_0 value is 0.5
q_1 value is 0.7853981633974483
q_2 value is 0.5235987755982988
0.7071067811865476
-0.25881904510252085
x value is  1.5953353488403288
y value is  2.15599552062015

 

class Python 

how to create an instance of a class

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Here in how to create an instance of a class, as described herein, how to create a class in Python, we will further explore the instance of class and how this can be used within a program to assign values to an object. This allows that object to inherit those values contained within the class, making it easier to have consistency regards functionality and data.

This video covers off

(a) creating an instance of a class

(B) Using the __init__ within the class

(C) define the constructor method __init__

(D) Creating an object that calls a class and uses the class to process some piece of data.

What are the benefits of this?

  • You only need to create one class that holds all the attributes required.
  • That class can be called from anywhere within a program, once an instance of it is created.
  • You can update the class, and once completed, those new values will become available to an instance of that class.
  • Makes for better management of objects and their properties, not multiple different versions contained within a program

 

 

class Python 

How to create a class in Python

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How to create a class in Python : In this video explaining classes will be the main topic on how they are constructed,  we explain how to create an instance of a class. Also, we look at what class attributes are and how they can be used to assign key data that can be called anywhere within a program.

The steps involve the following:

(a) Create a class

(B) Assign attributes to the class

(C) Create a method within the class ( similar to a function)

(D) Create an instance of a class to call its attributes and methods.

This video is a follow on from object oriented programming – Python Classes explained